Such actions for wrongful death and loss of consortium are derivative, rather than freestanding: They allow the kin of a primary victim to recover but only upon demonstration that the primary victim was tortiously injured. These causes of action are not torts, but doctrinal appendages to the various torts.208 Thus it might be suggested they are best understood as an inaccurately taxonomized variant of survival actions (which are brought on behalf of a decedent’s estate rather than in the name of her kin, even if the estate’s assets are then predictably distributed to the decedent’s kin, and even if a kinsman might serve as the estate’s representative).209 In the large majority of states, however, this suggestion does not comport with the remedial legal consequences of wrongful death suits. Wrongful death damages are not swept up into a decedent’s estate; the decedent’s creditors cannot lay claim to them.210 Similarly, the tortfeasor cannot set off debts owed to him by the decedent against the wrongful death damages that he owes to the decedent’s kin, as would be possible if these damages formed part of the decedent’s estate.211
In addition, they warn that expanding age-verification systems represent not only a usability challenge but a structural shift in how identity becomes tied to online behavior. Age verification risks tying users' "most sensitive and immutable data" — names, faces, birthdays, home addresses — to their online activity, according to Molly Buckley, a legislative analyst at the Electronic Frontier Foundation. "Age verification strikes at the foundation of the free and open internet," she said.
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